To Your Health
January, 2010 (Vol. 04, Issue 01) |
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Addicted to Sugar
How to Avoid the Unavoidable
By Clair Whiteman
Sugar has become a standard component of the American diet. In fact, Americans have become so dependent upon dietary sugar that many health care professionals are considering it the country's number-one addiction. In the past 20 years, average per-person sugar consumption has increased from 20 pounds to
156 pounds of sugar annually, despite increased public awareness of its devastating health effects. With the obvious overconsumption of sugar that occurs in the American diet, it is no wonder that the most prevalent health issues within the U.S. population, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, have all been linked to excessive sugar intake.
How Sugar Affects Your Health
The insulin response: The health issues that develop as a result of a high-sugar diet are strongly linked to the response of the hormone insulin to carbohydrate ingestion, a phenomenon known as the glycemic response. Simple carbohydrates such as sugar are considered high glycemic and are metabolized quickly by the body, resulting in a rapid release of insulin and a quick rise and fall in blood sugar. This is often felt as a burst of energy followed by feelings of fatigue (i.e., a crash).
Insulin resistance is a progressive condition that occurs when normal insulin activity is inadequate to produce a response on insulin receptors on muscle and adipose (fat) cells. Initial signs of insulin insensitivity include high circulating levels of both glucose and insulin. In addition, consumption of excess dietary carbohydrate can stimulate lipolysis (fat generation), resulting in higher levels of circulating triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (VLDL and LDL, respectively) cholesterol.
Fat storage leading to disease: As the body's ability to store excess energy becomes further impaired, fat deposition begins to occur around the internal organs. This specific form of weight gain, known as visceral fat, is characteristic of insulin resistance and is strongly linked to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders also appear to correlate with higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and other inflammatory markers which have been strongly linked to cardiovascular risk.
Dental health and immunity: Other negative effects of high sugar consumption include its impact on dental health and immunity. Simple carbohydrates are the preferable food source for pathogenic oral and intestinal microbes such as Strep mutans and Candida albicans. A diet high in refined sugars stimulates the proliferation of these microbes and can lead to intestinal bacteria overgrowthand dental issues including cavities and gingivitis. Research has also shown that sugar may suppress immune function resulting in impairments in the body's resistance to infections.
In addition to these adverse effects on physical health, a diet high in sugar may also influence mental and emotional well-being. High sugar intake has been linked to attention disorders, and populations that consume a diet high in refined carbohydrates are more likely to experience mental disorders such as depression and anxiety.
Other negative health effects: In addition to the aforementioned effects, a diet high in dietary sugar may also induce inflammatory destruction to other body organ systems. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are toxic compounds that are formed when circulating sugars combine with the free amino acid groups of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. AGEs exert their toxic effects by promoting pathogenic cellular alterations which result in widespread inflammation and tissue damage. AGEs are now seen as a key influential factor in the development of arthritis, heart disease, asthma, and accelerated aging due to their mediation of pro-inflammatory activity. AGEs are also found in the brains of dementia patients, and may contribute to the neurofibrillary tangles that are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
How to Limit Your Sugar Intake
Increased understanding of the damaging effects of AGEs has led to the realization that reducing sugar intake could have positive effects all across the health spectrum. The first step to limiting dietary sugar intake is to identify what the sources are in your diet. While many of us associate sugar with sweet foods, like pastries and candy, these types of foods only contribute to about 10 percent of overall sugar intake. High contributors of dietary sugar include sweetened beverages like sodas and juices as well as processed foods such as sauces and dressings. It is important to recognize that sugar is not only added to food to increase sweetness; it also has "hygroscopic" properties that contribute to a food's moisture content and mouth-feel. These attributes are why sugar is often added to unexpected foods, like spaghetti sauce and bread, and why it enjoys such widespread distribution within our food supply.
